[Linux] 우분투 설치 후 초기 설정

1️⃣ 시스템 업데이트 (가장 먼저)

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt autoremove -y

재부팅:
sudo reboot

2️⃣ 기본 필수 패키지

sudo apt install -y \
  curl wget git vim nano htop tree unzip zip \
  net-tools software-properties-common ca-certificates \
  build-essential

3️⃣ 타임존 / 시간 설정 (KST)

timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Seoul
timedatectl

NTP 동기화 확인:

timedatectl set-ntp true

4️⃣ 한글 환경 (데스크톱)

sudo apt install -y \
  language-pack-ko \
  fonts-noto-cjk \
  ibus-hangul

적용: reboot

설정 → Region & Language → Input Sources → Korean (Hangul) 추가

5️⃣ SSH 서버 (원격 접속용)

sudo apt install -y openssh-server
sudo systemctl enable --now ssh

확인:

ss -ntlp | grep ssh

6️⃣ 방화벽 (UFW)

sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status

7️⃣ 스왑 확인 (RAM 적을 때 중요)

swapon --show
free -h

스왑 없으면 (예: 4GB):

sudo fallocate -l 4G /swapfile
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile
echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

8️⃣ 프롬프트 간소화 (Ubuntu 기본 너무 김)

nano ~/.bashrc

맨 아래 추가:

export PS1='\u:\W\$ '

적용:

source ~/.bashrc

결과:
user:work$

9️⃣ Git 기본 설정

git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "you@example.com"
git config --global init.defaultBranch main

🔟 자동 업데이트 (보안만)

sudo apt install -y unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure unattended-upgrades

1️⃣1️⃣ 성능 & 전원 (노트북)
sudo apt install -y tlp
sudo systemctl enable --now tlp

1️⃣2️⃣ 개발자 환경 (선택)
Python

sudo apt install -y python3 python3-pip python3-venv

Node.js (LTS)

curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_lts.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo apt install -y nodejs

Docker

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sudo sh
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
newgrp docker

1️⃣3️⃣ GNOME 쓸모있는 설정
파일 관리자 숨김파일
Ctrl + H

최소 버튼

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences button-layout 'appmenu:minimize,maximize,close'

1️⃣4️⃣ 로그 & 시스템 점검

journalctl -p 3 -xb
df -h
lsblk